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"Glacier collapse caused Nepal's deadly flash flood."

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Hello Nature readers, Today we learn about the causes of Nepal’s deadly flash flood, explore evidence that the shingles vaccine might cut the risk of heart disease and consider the future of nuclear power. If you enjoy this newsletter, please consider recommending it to a friend or colleague. Click here to forward it by e-mail. Thank you!

Water levels on the Trishuli River rose by as much as 9 metres in 30 minutes in Galchhi in the Dhading district, Nepal. (Prabin Ranabhat/AFP via Getty)

Glacier collapse caused deadly Nepal flood

A violent flash flood on the Nepal-Tibet border that killed around 350 people was caused by a glacier collapse that led to a massive landslide. Authorities initially thought that an earthquake had caused the flooding, but the US Geological Survey later announced that the landslide was strong enough to cause a 5.2-magnitude seismic event. Scientists say it will take time to establish the extent to which global warming had a role, but melting glaciers and permafrost probably contributed to the event, says geophysicist Göran Ekström. Scientists have long warned that the frequency of such icy avalanches in the Himalaya is increasing, writes Nepali climate researcher Sudeep Thakuri. He calls for urgent measures such as better data sharing between China and Nepal, extended satellite-based monitoring of the region and better land-use planning to reduce the risk to people and infrastructure. Nature | 6 min read & Nature India | 6 min read

Pulsating muscle graft mimics exercise

A proof-of-concept experiment in mice has shown that muscle implants made from stem cells can mimic some of the benefits of exercise. In theory, such grafts — which contract continuously — could help to prevent muscle loss in people who can’t exercise because of age, illness or limited mobility. However, people would probably need multiple muscle grafts throughout the body, notes physiologist James White — not a welcome prospect for people who are already frail. Nature | 6 min read Reference: Nature Aging paper

Shingles vaccine might cut heart disease risk

The recombinant shingles vaccine in use today has been linked to a reduced risk of heart disease and heart failure, according to a study of more than 70,000 people who received either the current Shingrix vaccine or an older formulation called Zostavax. The study has been welcomed because it only looked at vaccinated people, which is closer to an apples-to-apples comparison than including unvaccinated individuals, who tend to be unhealthier in general. Study co-author Maxime Taquet suspects that the immune-boosting component of the vaccine stops some immune cells producing an inflammatory protein called interleukin-6, which is associated with heart disease. Still, more research is needed. “We cannot definitively conclude that there is a causal link,” says epidemiologist Emily Rayens. Nature | 6 min read Reference: Nature Medicine paper

Infographic of the week

For the past few decades, the Antarctic ice sheet has been steadily losing mass as a result of climate change. But between 2021 and 2023, something surprising happened: the rate of ice loss slowed dramatically, and East Antarctica actually gained a substantial amount of ice mass. Researchers have found that there is an atmospheric connection between the Antarctic and persistent warming of sea surface temperatures in the tropical warm pool (an area of water in the Pacific and Indian Oceans), writes atmospheric scientist Jonathan Wille. The abnormally warm tropical waters created a train of alternating high- and low-pressure areas in the atmosphere that propagated towards the pole. This induced a high-pressure anomaly over East Antarctica resulting in increased snowfall, which drove the rise in ice mass. However, the team notes that this mass gain is likely to be only temporary and that net ice loss will continue as the world warms. (Nature News & Views | 9 min read) Reference: Nature paper

Nuclear power

Companies are in the process of building test units for small modular reactors, like this one from Kairos Power, which could be used to power rural areas. (Kairos Power)

Can small reactors overcome nuclear hurdles?

Nuclear power is having a moment: many firms are pursuing scaled-down facilities that could be cheaper to build and less likely to fail catastrophically than gigawatt-scale conventional plants. Advocates say that these smaller reactors could power the data centres that are springing up to meet the demands for artificial intelligence. And even tinier reactors — known as microreactors — could bring power to remote locations. But safety, waste storage and cost cast long shadows over the field. Read more in Nature Outlook: Nuclear Power.

Features & opinion

Female researchers have role underground

“I have visited many mines for research and fieldwork, in China and abroad, only to be told that I could not go underground,” writes Linqi Huang, the first female professor in the mining-engineering department at Central South University in Changsha, China. “The situation felt absurd: a researcher who helped to design a monitoring or warning system for a deep mine could not see the environment that it would operate in.” The problem stems from the fact that, in many countries, health and safety laws prohibit underground mine work for female employees. But brief visits for research and education should be assessed differently, argues Huang. Nature | 7 min read

Japan battles annual allergy-aggedon

More than 40% of people in Japan suffer from hay fever, much of it thanks to the huge number of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) trees planted for timber after the Second World War. In response, the government cuts 50,000 hectares of trees each year, and plans to increase that rate. It’s also planting new strains of sugi saplings that produce little or no pollen. But replacing the tree population is painstaking, and labour shortages make it even harder. Then there’s the question of what to do with all that wood. Mongabay | 14 min read

Today I’m enjoying scenes of the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on Earth, carpeted in wildflowers after intense August rains. Here in London, we’ve received the first substantial rain in some time. While I gratefully dust off my raincoat, why not shower me with feedback on this newsletter? Your e-mails are always welcome at briefing@nature.com. Thanks for reading, Flora Graham, chief editor, Nature Briefing

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